Religious Change Over Time in Latin America and Caribbean Essay

Throughout the years of 1450 to present, the religion of Latin America and the Caribbean went through a number of changes. Although the religious beliefs and practices of these areas were mostly animistic prior to 1450, they proved to be flexible and went through many alterations get to where they are today. Prior to the arrival of the Spanish Conquistadors, the Latin American people had never heard of Catholocism, which would eventually become a dominant religion. In the early centuries of Latin America, the religion was polytheistic. The people known as Aztecs, who lived in towns located along rivers, built sacred temples to honor their many gods. They worshiped at least 128 deities in total, including Tlaloc, the god of rain. Little distinction was made between the world of the gods and the natural world. The temples, some of which still stand today, were made of earth and/or large burial mounds. The burials included art such as pottery, paintings, and carvings and were often accompanied by rituals. These rituals contained human sacrifice, cannibalism, and executions. In the period after militarism, human sacrifice became much more prominent than before. It has been questioned whether the reason for the sacrifice was actually the result of religious conviction, or simply done as a tactic of terror towards rulers and priests. Aztec people had known nothing other than this lifestyle for centuries until a new culture made its way to their land. In 1492, Spanish Conquistadors such as Hernan Cortes sailed to the coast of Latin America, bringing their religious views along with them. Cortes and his army of 600 conquered the land, destroying precious temples in the process. They pulled down all the polytheistic idols, rearranging their stone to replace them with Christian architecture such as Catholic cathedrals. In this time period, art and architecture were prominent and intended to serve the glory of God. Dominican friar Bartolome de Las Casas replaced the Aztec’s long-practiced human sacrifice with Catholic mass. In addition to the conquistadors, there was another group called the Jesuits who sought new followers of their religion. The Jesuits offered special privileges to those who converted to Catholicism, while the Spanish convinced the people that their Catholic God would provide protection from diseases and harm. Although the majority of the people were won over by Catholicism, some chose to remain isolated and continued to practice polytheism. Regardless, all Aztec people remained devoted to their religion. Meanwhile in the Caribbean, Spanish and Italian merchants began to import African slaves to work on the few sugar plantations that operated on the islands. These slaves brought a mixture of religious beliefs along with them, their own pagan views mixing with Christianity. In both present day Latin America and Caribbean, Catholicism is the dominant religion. In modern day Caribbean, the small non- Catholic population consists of various forms of Christianity that were formed with the arrival of African slaves. One of these other religions is Rastafarianism. This is a form of Christianity with a distinct Caribbean style. It uses the Bible as its main text, but interprets it much differently than the more traditional Christian sects. On the other hand, the Latin American non-Catholic population consists of a small group of people who were not converted by the Conquistadors and chose to remain animistic. Throughout all the changing, some Latin Americans have had the same animistic beliefs despite what’s been going on around them. The Latin American people always have and always will be devoted to their religion, as we can tell by the great pyramids mounds they built that are still standing today. Prior to 1450, religious beliefs and practices in Latin America were polytheistic and included human sacrifice. When the Spanish Conquistadors and Jesuits came to the area, Catholicism was introduced and began to spread rapidly. Now, in present day Latin America and Caribbean, it is impossible to avoid Catholicism. It has become the major, dominant religion of the area and its followers are as devoted as ever. In addition to the large Catholic population, there continues to be a mixture of religions and practices of polytheism and voodoo throughout the area. Societies change for a number of reasons, one being foreign influence. If it wasn’t for the missionaries coming into the Latin American and Caribbean society, the people would most likely have remained polytheistic forever, because there would be nothing new introduced. For these reasons, religion in Latin America and Caribbean has changed drastically from its early years, while also staying the same in some ways.

Law Enforcement Challenges

| Law Enforcement Challenges| [Type the document subtitle]| | Law Enforcement Challenges| | Cheryl TraceyProfessor Gregory BlancheCIS 170 Information Technology in Criminal Justice| 11/26/2012| | There are many challenges law enforcement agencies face when investigating internet exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity. Few challenges include overlapping effort, lack of funding, overlapping jurisdictions, and priority.The purpose of this paper is to explain in detail the greatest challenge law enforcement agencies investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity, the specific challenges with overlapping of jurisdictions and solutions for overcoming these challenges, and to discuss if states should have the ability to work with one another when a cyber- crime is carried out across state lines. I feel like the greatest challenge law enforcement agencies face in investigating exploitation, cyber stalking, and obscenity is issues with evidence and detection. â€Å"Data on th e computer can be deleted, modified, or destroyed. (Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, Holt, 2012). It is very important for evidence to be collected, preserved, and examined right away. In most cases, 24 hours proves to be too late to recover non-tampered evidence. â€Å"Some computers have automatic wiping programs in case a new person touches the wrong key on the keyboard. † (http://www. supremecourt. gov. pk/ijc/Articles/10/2. pdf). Cyber forensics experts requires special tools which will be able to access any data available on the mass storage media including deleted files and data in unallocated disk areas.Although time is of the essence, it is very important that law enforcement agencies follow the search and seizures laws. A warrant must be issued first before any evidence can be gathered, searched, or reviewed. A major challenge to law enforcement agencies are overlapping jurisdictions. For example, â€Å"a cyber-stalker may reside in a different city or even state than the victim, making it difficult for one agency to investigate. †(Taylor, Fritsch, Liederbach, Holt, 2012).Obtaining assistance from out of state agencies can be limited due to the circumstances. Cyber criminals are able to operate nationwide. This is why law enforcement agencies have to work with local officials, foreign governments, and other agencies. Some agencies will work with other agencies only if the crime is serious enough. To solve these problems, I would have it to where each agency has a department just for cybercrimes and each agency has jurisdiction to work with one another. Jurisdiction laws would no longer exist for cybercrimes.I feel states should have the ability to work with one another when a cybercrime is carried out across state lines. Especially in cases where cyber bullying, child pornography, cyber stalking, or fraud is happening. I think everyone should work together to try and fight all types of crime. In conclusion, our local government needs to imp lement laws and procedures to work together on every type of crime. I feel as though jurisdiction should have nothing to do with rather to pursue a crime or not.Cybercrimes should be a first priority and try and think of ways to have a monitoring system may certain words typed on the internet further investigation needs to be done. Reference: Taylor, R. W. , Fritsch, E. J. , Liederbach, J. , & Holt, T. J. (2011). Ditigal crime and digital terrorism. (Second ed. , pp. 180-182). Upper Saddle River: Pearson Learing Solutions. http://www. supremecourt. gov. pk/ijc/Articles/10/2. pdf http://www. naavi. org/cl_editorial_04/edit_6_jan_04_01. htm

An Overview of the Popular Festival of India, Diwali

An Overview of the Popular Festival of India, Diwali India is a country of festivals. People, in India, celebrate festivals from all religions such as Hindu, Muslim, Christian, and Sikh. Therefore, it is like there is at least one festival to celebrate every month. Each festival is celebrated with exhibition and happiness, and each of them has religious or mythological significance behind them. One of the most celebrated of all festivals is Diwali- The festival of lights. It is known as `the festival of light because during this festival each street, house, mall, and store are decorated with colorful lights. It usually comes in October or November. The date is not fixed because it is celebrated according to Hindu calendar. People start the preparations for Diwali about a month before it comes. They clean their houses; and they also decorate their houses with good-looking and decorative things. In addition, they also make some traditional sweets and snacks. Diwali is a five day long festival, and each day has its own tradition and impor tance. First day of Diwali is called `Dhanteras in which `Dhan means wealth and `teras means thirteenth because it falls on the thirteenth day of the month of the Hindu calendar. On this day people worship Lord Yamraj, the God of death. They offer prayers to him to bless them with prosperity, well being, and protection. They also purchase a new utensil, a silver or gold coin or some other precious metal as a sign of good luck on the day of `Dhanteras. The story behind this day is about a 16 years old son of king Hima. His horoscope predicted his death by snake-bite on the fourth day of his marriage, so his newly wedded wife did not let him to sleep. She laid out all her ornaments and lots of gold and silver coins in a stack at the entrance of the sleeping chamber and lit lamps all over the place. Later that night, she narrated stories and sang songs to keep her husband from falling asleep. When Yama, the god of Death, arrived at the princes doorstep in the appearance of a Serpent, his eye s were dazzled and blinded by the brightness of the lamps and the jewelry. Yama could not enter in the princes chamber and went away. Thus, the young prince was saved from the clutches of death by the cleverness of his new bride, and the day came to be celebrated as `Dhanteras. The second day is `Choti Diwali. Choti means `small, and thus Choti Diwali is celebrates just like Diwali only on a smaller scale with lesser lights and lesser fireworks. It is also known as the `Narak Chaturdashi. According to Hindu mythology Lord Krishna destroyed the demon Narakasura on this day. The demon Narakasura was the evil king of Pragjyotishapura, near present-day Assam in India. Narkasuras power made him arrogant, and he became dangerous to everyone and even to the Gods. He empowered the kingdom of Lord Indra, and he imprisoned sixteen thousand daughters of the gods and snatched the earrings of Mother Goddess Aditi, who was also the relative of Satyabhama, Lord Krishnas wife. Satyabhama was really angry about what Narakasur did, so after her request Lord Krishna empowered Satyabhama, and she was able to murder Narakasur by beheading him. She then rescued the sixteen thousand women prisoners from the clutches of Narakasur and even found Mother Goddess Aditis earrings. In order to save the women from embarrassment, Lord Krishna married all the sixteen thousand women and accepted them as His wife. Lord Krishna smeared his forehead with blood as a sign of victory over Narakasur and returned home with his wives on the morning of Choti Diwali. The next day is known as `Diwali. `Laxmi Pooja is one of the most important things in Diwali. Laxmi, the Goddess of light, beauty, good fortune and wealth is worshipped on the occasion of Diwali to bring prosperity in the family. She is also worshiped to achieve success and fortune. Business men also do `Chopda Pujan meaning worshiping of the account books on this day. According to the columnist Deepak Verma from Times of India in some states like Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Rajasthan, Diwali represents the new business year so all businesses close their accounts and present them to Lakshmi and Ganesh during Chopda Pujan. Moreover, people light up beautiful `diyas (candles) inside and outside of their houses, and everyone enjoys fireworks. The reason behind the celebration of Diwali is because Lord Ram came back to Ayodhya, a town in India and also his home town. He returned on this day after 14 years of exile after his victory against evil Ravan. The king of Lanka (Sri Lanka) Ravan, kidnapped Lord Rams wife (Sita) from the forest, where they were staying as per the instructions of King Dashratha, father of Lord Ram. After then, Ram attacked Lanka and killed Ravan and released Sita from his custody. He returned to Ayodhya with his wife Sita and younger brother Lakshamana after fourteen years. Therefore, the people of Ayodhya decorated their homes and the town itself, by lighting tiny `diyas, in order to welcome their beloved prince Shri Ram. Ram is considered the symbol of good and the positive things and Ravan represents the evil. Therefore, Diwali is considered the festival, which established the victory of good over the evil. On the night of Diwali, people light diyas, which is again an icon of positive energy to conquer darkness. Following day of Diwali is the New Years of Hindus according to the Hindu calendar. People wake up early on this day and usually wear new clothes that are specially bought for this day. Later on, they head to the temple to pray to God for prosperity and good health for themselves and their family. There is always a family get together for the celebration of New Years. Family membranes exchange gifts, thoughts and New Years resolutions. Chhavi Bhatia from Indian Express supposed Diwali gifts [are] replaced by plants and books instead of sweets in 2009. Plants convey the concept of a green Diwali and books are good gesture to encourage the habit of reading. Furthermore, younger kids take the blessings from their elders, as it is considered respectful to the elders. People decorate their houses with `Rangoli which is the design made of different powder colors. Some people also decorate their houses wall with different kind of designs and make the small foot prints on the door steps of their house which resemble Goddess Laxmis foot prints. People also perform `Govardhan Puja on this day. Govardhan Puja is worshipping of the mountain Govardhan which is in the city of Vrindavan in India. Lord Shri Krishna once performed the Govardhan Puja along with the people of Vrindavan for their protection from heavy rains. Since then it became a tradition for Hindus to worship Govardhan to honor that first Puja on this day. They also offer fifty-six different dishes to Govardhan on this day which is called `Chappan Bhog. Lastly, the fifth day of Diwali is known as Bhai Beej Brothers Day, in which sister invites her brother over for dinner. It is called Bhav-Bij in the Marathi-speaking communities, and people in Nepal know this festival by the name of Bhai-Tika. There are various distinct ways in which this beautiful festival is solemnized, but the features that are common in all rituals is the act of smearing a tilak (a holy mark) of roli (vermilion), kesar (saffron) and ric e on the brothers forehead by their sister as a mark of their love and protection. It is considered a big day for the sister, she cooks brothers favorite dishes, and prays to God for her brothers good health and fortune. At the time of dinner, brother presents his sister with a toast and a gift. Bhai Beej is based on an old story written in mythological books over 5000 years old. This day is an auspicious day for both the brother and the sister because it is believed to strengthen their relationship. According to a tale, on this auspicious day of `Bhai Beej Lord Krishna, after slaying the Narakasura demon, goes to his sister Subhadra where she welcomes her brother with a diya (candle), sweets, flowers, and put the holy protective `tilak on his forehead. Keeping this tale in mind, people celebrate the festival of `Bhai Beej with great enthusiasm and dedication. All in all, Diwali is the most celebrated festival in India that unites every Indian with joyous sentiment. Even though it is a five day long festival, celebrations start over a month ago. Everyone enjoys food and fireworks during this festival. People consider this festival very important, and they celebrate it with open heart and happiness. The important events that occurred during the time of Diwali is what created the most enjoyed festival in India. Every day of Diwali has its own significant story and the reason for its celebration. It seems coincidental that every event that occurred fell into one same period which now we know as Diwali. Nevertheless, the coincident seems to be liked greatly by everyone with enthusiasm.

Eastman Kodak Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Eastman Kodak - Essay Example The ease with which digital images could be downloaded and shared therefore provided a completely new dimension to growth in this segment of the business. The higher level of adaptability by the consumers of digital imaging products therefore can offer new strategic choices to Kodak to further penetrate into its existing markets and also develop new markets with special focus on emerging markets. In order to achieve such growth, it is important that Kodak must develop efficient distribution channels in order to increase its reach to the customers. One of the key initiatives in this regard should be to develop online distribution channel through the dedicated website selling digital imaging products to the consumers directly. Historically, Kodak has relied on dealers and retailers to sell its products to the customers however, with increasing use of web, Kodak can develop an efficient portal to develop more efficient distribution channel. In order to achieve this growth, Kodak can act ually adapt different functional strategies including the development of better sales management force as well as developing better online strategies.

Health Care and Intellectual Property Laws Essay

Health Care and Intellectual Property Laws - Essay Example In a knowledge economy where knowledge is considered private property and is thus deserving of full protection under the law, Intellectual Property laws play a fundamental role in ensuring stability and predictability. However, it has been suggested that these laws undermine public health by tending to put the cost of essential medicines far beyond the reach of those who desperately need it most. Intellectual property ownership is a relatively new concept of ownership with staggering social implications. For large pharmaceutical companies investing billions of dollars to continually develop new medicines against diseases, it provides the necessary incentives in the form of patents to provide wider latitude in the development, promotion, and distribution of new drugs to recoup their investments and earn significant revenues for years of research and hard work. It also serves as an incentive for pharmaceutical companies to develop new products for the prevention or treatment of common as well as dreaded diseases. But for low-income countries struggling to provide basic healthcare services and affordable drugs to their citizens, intellectual property is an onerous imposition that threatens to wreck lives in the wake of killer diseases. The law on intellectual property rights allows pharmaceutical companies unrestricted rights to manufacture and distribute medicines at prices they command. Recent free trade agreements have extended extremely generous patent rights to multinational pharmaceutical companies, and have limited access to generic equivalent drugs. Analysis The first level of analysis is to ask whether or not it is actually necessary to prioritize patients' rights, and if the current system has indeed been inadequate in arresting the problem. Without access to the drugs in the treatment of HIV, for example, to combat the spread of the dreaded disease, people from many countries in Africa experiencing an HIV/AIDS pandemic will die in record number. AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognized on December 1, 1981, making it one of the most destructive pandemics in recorded history. According to current estimates, HIV is set to infect 90 million people in Africa, providing an enormous market for an anti-HIV medicine. There is currently no vaccine or cure for HIV or AIDS. The only known method of prevention is avoiding exposure to the virus. However, an antiretroviral treatment, known as post-exposure prophylaxis is believed to reduce the risk of infection if begun directly after exposure. Current treatment for HIV infection consists of highly active antiretroviral therapy, or HAART, an expensive procedure that many poor countries in Africa are forced to take. The second level of analysis is whether or not pharmaceutical drug companies can afford to take the pay cuts. It has been argued many times over that these drug companies need the money to innovate and to develop new techniques and new formulations. The evidence, however, militates against this. According to a paper written by Oxfam International: In 2000, for example, the ten biggest companies in the US spent more than twice as much on marketing and administration (34%) than on R&D (14%). Pfizer spent $22.2 billion on dividends and share buybacks in 2003 and the first half of 2004, over twice the amount spent on research. Merck returned $7.3 billion,

Toy's role in a child's life Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Toy's role in a child's life - Essay Example For instance, Barthes points out that toys are usually perceived basically a â€Å"microcosm of the adult world† (Callus & Herbrechter 150). Therefore, toys can be seen as reduced replicas of the humanly objects, an aspect that is used by the elders to belittle the children. Toys are therefore usually used to create a relatively small world that matches the sizes of the children thus enabling the children to be prepared for adulthood. However, in doing so, adults underestimate the power of creativity and imaginative capabilities possessed by children. Barthes has used the French toys to accurately epitomize the expected functions of the adult individuals in the world. By doing so, children are obviously prepared to accept the expected functions without any insightful thought thus enabling the â€Å"adult world† to be thrust upon the children as they grow up. The children are therefore hallowed to accept the societal acts in the environment without any curiosity. For instance, Barthes argues that the alibi of a nature is frequently used to create â€Å"soldiers, postman and Vespa’s† (Berger 33). This clearly shows that toys have been used to reveal the various things that are existent in the adult world. The toys therefore enables and conditions the children to grow into a world of adulthood through the assimilation of different duties in the world. For instance, toys such as soldiers and combative gadgets that are mostly used by boys help them to assume a more protective role in future whereas replicas of dol ls and kitchen gadgets which are mostly used by girls expresses their future roles as house wives. Equally important, Barthes labels the contemporary toys as faithful, truthful and complicated items. This is due to the fact that the present day children only use the toys as an owner and not as a creator. This implies that currently, children only purchase and own toys without really taking part in the toy’s creation process. Their interest is always

X Files and the Existence of Highly Intelligent Paranormals Movie Review

X Files and the Existence of Highly Intelligent Paranormals - Movie Review Example X-files film is a highly dramatized American science fiction series that perfectly exposes the antagonism that exists in the security network, with a particular focus on the FBI, concerning the idea of the existence of aliens. "Tempus Fugit," which is a Latin word for â€Å"time flies,† is the title given to episode 17 of the X-Files series emerges as one of the most important parts of the entire scientific series. The episode provides a crucial platform for critical examination and understanding of the overarching mythology of the X-Files series. The episode focuses on Fox Mulder and Dana Scully who are both Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agents. Scully is charged with the responsibility of handling paranormal cases. In this episode, the viewers come face to face with a strong proponent of the idea of the existence of extraterrestrial life. The death of Max Fenig, who is an old friend of FBI agent Mulder, in a plane crash, invites suspicion about the existence of extraterrestrial beings. Agent Mulder has a strong conviction that a UFO tried to abduct his old friend, thus causing the plane crash. Max Fenig is featured flying on Flight 549 over upstate New York. In the process, Fenig sees a mysterious man on the plane. The idea of the existence of UFOs and extraterrestrial life is overtly featured in this episode when a bright light hits the plane, indicating that it has encountered a UFO. When agent Mulder and Scully trace the crash location of the ill-fated plane, Mulder postulates that aliens were responsible for Flight 549’s crash. However, the NTSB team, under the leadership of Mike Millar, disowns Mulder’s allegations. The creepy idea about the abilities of aliens is displayed when Mulder and Scully discover time discrepancy between crash time and the time indicated on the wristwatches of the plane casualties. Mulder believes that Max was abducted by aliens and that he will never be found. The idea of alien existence tantalizes human minds and souls (Harding 120).

Discuss and explain the conceptual link between the principles of Essay

Discuss and explain the conceptual link between the principles of effectual entrepreneurship and the resource-based view of strategy - Essay Example It might represent an essential change in philosophy for some companies, so strategists must be skilled to expect and constructively reply to issues and questions as they arise (Foss 2011). In the long run, strategic management is about maintaining and creating a sustained competitive advantage (SCA). Strategies might be demarcated as plans for developing SCA. Therefore, SCA is the main thing that scholars of strategic management seek to clarify. It is defined as the organizational ability to build and appropriate more value than the opposition on a continuous basis. However, it must be noted that a firm having an SCA does not mean superiority in economic performance; instead SCA is a possibility for such a performance, which might or might not be realized. Entrepreneurial organizations vary in form and constituent from their enormous and well-established counterparts. Alternatively, they are viewed as more practical, better risk-takers, and not as much official than their big counterparts. Instead, they suffer or at least appear to, from their distinctive features of smallness and newness. Being small and new, they time and again lack the necessary resources to develo p and survive competitive advantage. We can examine the exclusive characteristics of the entrepreneurial organizations through two distinct theoretical lenses, namely the resource-based view and resource dependence theory (Peng 2001). In the present version, the resource-based view of strategy is considered by finding the potential to build and appropriate more value than the opposition to the resource benefits of organizations and the features of these sources. It focuses on competitive advantage created by the organization from its distinctive set of resources. An organization is said to possess a competitive advantage when it is executing a value constructing a strategy that is not executed by any potential or current

Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 24

Leadership - Essay Example The corporate executives and business owners of UAE are now aware about the challenges and opportunities that are linked with the cultural diversity of the work force. According to Taylor Cox Jr. â€Å"an increase in globalization of business and combination of multi cultural workforce can be a key factor in overall success of the business (Daenzer, 2009). The benefits of this diversity includes a better decision making, high innovation and creativity, more efficiency and success in marketing to minority ethnic communities and foreign markets, and a wide spread distribution of economic opportunity (Muna, 2011). But this multicultural work force has certain disadvantages also which includes increase in costs through increase in turnover rates, communication breakdowns and interpersonal conflict. In order to bring out efficiency amongst the diversity in culture of workforce the leaders should be aware about how to manage and create an effective multicultural workforce (Connerley, 2005 ). Thus a research in this field is important to analyze the trends of the multicultural workforce in UAE and the leadership style needed to manage this cultural diversity. UAE has more than 200 nationalities working together where implementation of multicultural leadership to bring a change in working environment and even to handle multicultural customers (Edewor, 2007). This research will be useful for all the leaders in organization on how to manage this multicultural workforce. The main audience of the research study will be the small business owners, and also leaders of bigger enterprises, to develop better leadership tools to handle the work force of diverse culture and convert the loop holes of multi cultural workforce into advantage for the business (Livermore, 2010). A multicultural workforce contains people coming from different cultural backgrounds and will have different way of dealing with a problem in the

To Be Determined Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

To Be Determined - Essay Example The Shoemaker’s Holiday is a story where the author paints a picture of London, the prevailing customs and trades. The story portrays a note of optimism throughout and incorporates essentially two stories – the story of Rose and Lacy on one hand and that of Jane and Ralph on the other. He shows how love can win over money. The story shows some dreams coming true after overcoming all the obstacles. The shoemaker’s Holiday not only projects the theme of love but also relates how people fight against poverty in order to meet their love. Lacy, a spendthrift nephew of the Earl of Lincoln is in love with Rose, the daughter of Sir Roger Oatley, the lord mayor of London. However both their guardians are against their marriage and plan to send Lacy away to war against France in order to separate them. Lacy decides to escape this and disguises himself as a shoemaker in order to find his love Rose. He spends all the money given to him by the Earl and sends his cousin Askew with a false promise of joining him at the war later. Although the story takes place in the background of sixteenth century, the reality of socio economic conditions of London was not that optimistic. While real wages fell, prices rose in the mid sixteenth century and high costs were incurred due to the wars against Scotland and France. (Luu, 44) The story therefore raises the hopes of the people who are down the economic scale because it shows how opportunities lie around and everyone seems to be engaged in some trade or the other. Thus the story contradicts the reality. The play shows a struggle against poverty. The economic aspect is emphasized in the play. Therefore the story appeals to the mass on the lower economic scale because it raises their hopes that opportunity lies around them only to be grabbed at the right moment. Looking at the other aspect of the story, which is love, one may notice that both the couples get

Sorrow of Love Essay Example for Free

Sorrow of Love Essay In the rural south in the years 1880- 1995, women worked with the new hope that their sons and daughters would one day escape from the southern staple-crop economy, with its connected hardships and saddened opportunities. Maud Lee Bryant whom was a farm wife from North Carolina stated: â€Å"My main object of working was wanting the children to have a better way of living, that the world might be just a little better because the Lord had me here for something, and I tried to make good out of it, that was my aim†. Although in these woman’s words I find a great amount of pain, her strength is very visible. It is obvious that no matter how hard her life is, she tries to see her hardships as opportunities instead of feeling sorry for herself. A large amount of sharecroppers rarely stayed on the same plantation for more than a year or two for the reason being that their quest for household and group anatomy represented the tangible legacy of slavery. Although black families worked large amounts of hours they achieved neither consumer status nor total self-sufficiency due to the repressive labor system they worked for. It is right to say that black women were living a life of irony, although black women would pick cotton all day, they were never able to wear a cotton dress because of their low income and although they would work in agriculture as well, they barely survived on inadequate protein-deficient diets. Although blacks represented one-third of the southern population and 40 percent of its farmers and farm laborers, they were by no means the only penniless agricultural group. In 1910, nine-tenths of all southern black who made their living from the soil worked as tenants, sharecroppers, or contract laborers and most barely eked out enough in cotton to pay for rent, food, and supplies. During these years, a system by which a dominant group, whites, passed laws that were designed to humiliate a subordinate group, blacks, in public ways and in public places including: schools, parks, theaters, and public transportation. These new ideals of separation, combined with the systematic disfranchisement of black en, were enforced with state-sanctioned terrorism. By the late nineteenth century, whites of all classes had joined together to demonize black men as a group, and label all black women as immoral and sexually promiscuous. Between 1879 and 1881 as many as twenty thousand rural blacks fled the â€Å"young hell† of the lower South in search of the â€Å"promised land† of Kansas. The Kansas-fever exodus consisted primarily of families headed by former slaves desperate to escape neoslavery. Although granted relatively more overall freedom than their enslaved parents, black men and women in the late nineteenth century had only a limited ability to make crucial decisions related to household and farm management. A white employer controlled not only a family’s labor, but also its furnishings and food. In this book Jones offers a thorough analysis of black women, as the title suggests, from the times of slavery through to present day. The book was originally written in 1985 but the author updated the book and it was released in a second edition in 2009. I love studies that look at the intersection of various topics rather than examining one and ignoring the rest, because life doesn’t happen in a vacuum like that. Jones does that in a way that few do. This book is a true examination of race and gender, as well as class, and we study all of these as they interact with each other throughout the years. Starting with slavery Jones talks about how both black men and black women were affected, but she highlights the ways in which women experienced slavery in such a different manner. Throughout history, from slavery and until present day, women have been responsible for work in and outside of the home. In this way they do more than and experience different and additional issues to those of men. For example in the time of slavery women were usually expected to work as hard or almost as hard as men, but were also responsible for bearing and raising children, and keeping a home – cooking, sewing, cleaning, and more. White women, however, were not expected to do any work outside of the home at this time and also had the black slaves to help them in the house. For this reason examining history through the lens of only race or only gender does not give the true picture of life for black women. One of the themes that was highlighted most often through the book was that of family. Black women were forced to toil long hours for meager pay throughout history and until the present, and still expected to do most of the work at home as well. Jones talks about how work at home was prized and worth doing, often times, compared to work for whites, and how they would always try their best to find jobs with as much time with their family as they could.

The Game of Baseball Essay Example for Free

The Game of Baseball Essay Baseball is one of Americas favorite past times, as well as mine. There are many different sports for boys to play, however, baseball was the only one my heart got attached to. It has always given me that adrenaline rush that made me want to continue playing even up to today. Baseball is one of my fondest memories because it was a huge part of my childhood, it introduced me to some of my best friends, and helped mold into the person I am today. The baseball field brings back the best memories. Baseball is in my genes. When I would run onto the baseball field it’s like I just got hit with adrenaline. I played soccer and basketball also, but as I got older I felt that if I focused on one sport I could make myself great. I’ve been playing ever since I was able to throw and catch, and I am still playing in college. When I was younger it started with playing recreation sports. Playing for the recreation department wasn’t the greatest experience, but everyone made the team and everyone was out there to have fun. -16 Once I turned eleven I joined a travel team. On the travel team we traveled to Baton Rouge or Gulfport every weekend. We qualified for a chance to go play a week in Cooperstown, New York. We then got on a plane and flew to South Carolina, which we were supposed to switch planes to go to New York. When we got to South Carolina we found out that the plane we were supposed to get on left early so we had to take a charter bus the rest of the way and it took forever. We didn’t win the tournament; it was a great experience to play teams from all over the United States. After that tournament that team split up, and I joined a different team, which we played for a few years and won many tournaments. When I was fourteen, we qualified to go to the World Series in Liberty, Missouri. We won our first four games in pool play. We ended up getting second seed going into double elimination. Then we lost our first elimination game. If we lost any more games we were finished. When the team got back to the hotel we had a team meeting with all the parents. That meeting had everyone thinking and saying, â€Å"We aren’t losing the World Series. † We came out playing teams that also had one loss that were in the losers bracket, ten run ruling almost every team. We were dominating after our pep talk from the parents. When we made it out the losers bracket, we had to play the first place team that everyone was talking about the whole tournament. We had to beat them twice because they were undefeated and had to lose two games. The first game was a breeze, we won twelve to three. Then the final game we came out hitting and beat them again like it was nothing, twelve to two. We dog piled on the field, and after we stripped down to our sliding shorts then ran and jumped into the pond behind the center field fence. Winning the world series in a different state was the best baseball experience at the age of fourteen. Since I started playing at such a young age it got me prepared for middle school, in which I played both years. Then came high school, in which the fields were much bigger and bigger crowds. My senior year in high school was a year that I will never forget. I played five different positions, contributing my skills everywhere to help the team out in any way. I was First Team All-District Utility Player of the Year and had the second best batting average in district. We had a great season going undefeated in district. We were upset when we ended up losing in the second round of the playoffs to Central Baton Rouge 3-1. I was shocked when they got the last out of the games, I didn’t know what to do. After we went shakes hands the team just walked to the outfield and just sat down. It was a very emotional time because we were expected to win state. I walked to center field and just sat down and started tearing up. Some of the younger players didn’t know what to do but it helped a lot when everyone started giving out hugs. Then after a while we got into a circle and the coaches said a few words, but it was hard for them to talk. That was probably the hardest to ever leave a baseball field. Once we walked back to the dugout the parents were waiting for us to try to cheer us up. The seniors stayed in the dugout for probably an hour just realizing that was the last game we would play together on the same team. The baseball field looks amazing when the grass is freshly cut and the infield dirt is freshly dragged on game day. The night games are the ones that get your heart pumping when the lights come on and the field is lit up. It makes you feel like yopur invincible.

History of Police Stop and Search Powers in the UK

History of Police Stop and Search Powers in the UK This dissertation charts the history of the stop and search powers of the British police from the old days of the notorious Brixham riots, the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry up to the modern day. Throughout this journey we will examine the use of stop and search under various statutes, concentrating on the Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 and culminating in a discussion of the Terrorism Act 2000. The effect of the enforcement of the stop and search powers on the community will be examined. 1.0 Chapter I 1.1 Police Use of Discretion and Stop and Search The use of discretion is at the centre of the debates on police powers; that is the ability of police officers to make what are essentially subjective judgements in legal situations and still be operating within the boundaries of law. In fact, the use of discretion covers almost every aspect of police work, so the initial decision to stop and search a suspect to the decision to charge and prosecute for an offence in court. Discretion can take the form of whether or not to pursue an action, for example, whether or not to make an arrest, even where the grounds for arrest are evident. The law allows the police a wide range of lawful possibilities, to make a decision based on their own individual professional judgement about particular situations. In whatever decision a police officer makes, he or she is accountable to the law and not to his or her superiors. Police officers cannot be given orders by their superiors on how they should; for example, whether to arrest one person and not another. Thus, unlike in most hierarchical organisations, the greatest power in terms of law enforcement lies with the officers on the beat and not their superiors. The area of stop and search has aroused much academic research because it is an area where the officer on the beat has wide and often unsupervised discretion to enforce the law. More importantly, this is an area wherein a police officer can deprive someone of their freedom of movement even though there is may be no evidence that the person is committing, has committed or is about to commit an offence. Research evidence points to allegations that the police are unfairly targeting certain sectors of the community, in particular black and Asian people, with regard to their use of stop and search. It is extremely difficult to monitor an individual officers use of discretion in this area of police work. There are provisions for supervision by superiors and some training is usually provided for officers but there is more to be done in terms of monitoring the use of stop and search. In addition, there are Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) regulations on how stop and search is to be used in a non-discriminatory manner. However, it is still difficult to control the use of discretion in the use of stop and search. The discretionary and discriminatory use of stop and search powers (then the Stop and Search (SUS) law) by the Metropolitan Police (MET) was one of the major causes of the Brixton riots in 1981. The METs public pronouncement that Black people were in the majority amongst the muggers in London and the emerging labelling of Black communities as criminal and drug infested provided the legitimate backing for a militaristic policing of Brixton and the justification of the indiscriminate use of SUS on the residents of the area. This was an example of where public perceptions and politics give support to the use of discretion in policing, in this regard, the use of stop and search. The same scenario can be seen in the current use of stop and search in the UK (and presumably the USA) post-9:11. The scope for the use of discretion in stop and search has been significantly expanded in recent criminal justice, public order and anti-terrorism legislation whereby the reasonable suspicion element appears to have been pushed to the limit. The result has been very high figures of stop and search of the Asian Muslim population in the UK under a variety of anti-terror legislation. The use of discretion in police use of stop and search is still seriously being debated in academic and political circles, especially in relation to the issue of police racism. Minority ethnic people are not the only ones apparently discriminated against because of police use of discretion in stop and search. Young people are also believed to experience discrimination. In addition, variables of place (i.e. geographical area) and time of day or night come into play in understanding police use of discretion in stop and search (Clancy, Hough, Aust and Kershaw 2001). The use of police powers is important in the academic discourse about how the state rules through the law and its apparatuses. Police-citizenship relationship is essentially a power relationship at the micro-level. This relationship is often seen as an expression of how the state treats certain sectors of society at the macro-level. In other words, police powers are often seen as the personification of state power. 1.2 Monitoring It is apparent that until recent years, most police forces did not have information systems in place for monitoring stop and search. Even with the requirement to provide data on the ethnic breakdown of searches, some forces relied on counting stop and search by hand. This laborious paper exercise simply allowed forces to provide a breakdown of search by ethnic group to fulfil the requirements of Sec. 95 of the Criminal Justice Act 1991 which requires that the Home Office publish ethnic monitoring data (Quinton and Bland 1999, p2) When it comes to monitoring the use of the stop and search powers, different constabularies record different information. This makes comparisons difficult and the question of proportionality more complex. The main point however, is that constabularies must be able to monitor the use of these powers and to thoroughly and proficiently able to analyse the data. In order to achieve this, the police or external staff who are carrying out such analyses must have appropriate monitoring skills. Fair use of police stop and search powers has the potential for raising public confidence in the police. In December 2004 South Yorkshire police said in its Statement of Agreed Policy (South Yorkshire Statement 2004); the use of stop and search powers directly impacts upon our relationship with the public. Historically, the use of stop and search has sparked much debate, as well as causing friction between the police and the public, particularly following publication of statistics showing apparent disproportionate use with regard to minority ethnic groups. Our use of this power must be fair and open to scrutiny, balancing the rights of individuals with the safety of the public, whilst at the same time increasing public confidence. It is an area where we will always come under scrutiny for evidence of unfairness or discrimination. The manner and approach an officer takes should at all times be sensitive, lawful, and effective in order to ensure public confidence and reassurance. (Appendix p2) Current national data on the use of stop and search power (e.g. Sec.95 Criminal Justice Act 1991) demonstrate considerable variation between constabularies which, when aggregated, indicate that black people and, increasingly Asians are more likely to be stopped and searched than their white counterparts, even in regions where the black and minority ethnic population is extremely small. In 1997-98, for example, Home Office figures revealed that one million stops and searches were carried out by the police under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act (PACE) of which 11% were of black people, 5% Asian and 1% other non-white origin (Home Office, 1998, p. 5). The explanation for differential use of stop and search powers is complex. Rates of stops and searches differ between geographical areas and between ethnic minorities, more so if one applies the 16+1 ethnic categories. However, most statistics are still recorded in the 3+1 ethnic classification White, Black Asian and other. This has made it difficult to assess the use of stop and search powers on the smaller minorities such as Chinese people, people of mixed heritage and refugees. In addition, most records of stop and search are likely to be an undercount. Home Office research has suggested that most constabularies are presently not equipped to undertake the required, detailed analysis of stop and search or any other relevant data (Fitzgerald, 1997). The result of this state of affairs is that senior officers cannot identify precisely which of their divisions have staff who are using the powers in a biased way and, therefore, the individual officers who should be made accountable for their actions. Also, it is very doubtful if lower ranked supervisory staff, sergeants and inspectors in particular, have the skills to understand the analyses undertaken and to manage their officers appropriately if a biased use of stop and search (or any other powers for that matter) is identified This is, indeed, a serious issue (Holdaway S.1999 para.6 (v)) As indicated above in relation to the smaller minorities, another important issue, especially in relation to disproportionality, is how ethnic monitoring is done. A Home Office research about ethnic monitoring identified a police ambivalence about and, sometimes, hostility towards ethnic monitoring. The researchers summarized their findings in the following way; The research found that most police officers appeared to view ethnic monitoring as irrelevant at best; at worst, it was resented and/or feared as a stick deliberately designed to beat them with. . . . . . Those in senior management positions who were most actively supportive of monitoring were, nonetheless, wary of some of the possible repercussions of examining the statistics, both inside and outside the force; and most, in any case, had other, more pressing demands on them (Fitzgerald, 1997 pp viii-ix). The Home Office researchers also found that many officers thought that ethnic monitoring was primarily about documenting the crime patterns of ethnic minorities. If they had another view it was that monitoring was imposed to accuse them of bias. The attitudinal context within which ethnic monitoring undertaken is very unsatisfactory. The reasons why ethnic monitoring was introduced are controversial. Whatever the reasons, it has highlighted rather than explained Black criminality. Police use of stop and search is currently under much more scrutiny than ever before. A simple explanation is that the police have abused their stop and search powers in the past and so they have invited this close scrutiny and bridges of trust and respect have to be built with the local community. It is interesting that after Macpherson, when new guidelines were introduced on police use of stop and search in order to dispel allegations of discriminatory use of the law, the statistics show an increase instead of a decrease in police use of stop and search against Black people. However, it is reasonable to assume that ethnic monitoring has had some effect on police use of discretion in stop and search, no matter how small. The police are aware of possible accusations of racism when they use their powers of stop and search. Thus, the use of discretion by the police in this regard is constrained by the political climate within which policing takes place. Finally, it should be noted that the collection of ethnic monitoring data is designed mainly to analyse differential outcomes of the use of stop and search and arrest powers. However, these standard data have a very limited use. They are the record of the outcome of an action not of the actions that led to the outcome. Local police managers therefore need to be able to analyse ethnic monitoring data to identify the processes that led to differential outcomes. Unless these data are used to identify the processes that have led to racial discrimination for example, effective change cannot be realised and achieved. A great deal of work has to be done by the police if the differential use of stop and search, or any other powers, is to be identified and appropriate action taken. The Home Office should prepare a standard monitoring system, used by officers with demonstrable skills in the analysis of data, and its use within all constabularies should be required and assessed by HMIC (Her Majestys Inspectorate of Constabulary). Thought needs to be given to placing the ability to analyse data as a core skill for promotion to supervisory rank. The development of analytical skills should be assessed routinely in staff appraisals. Officers need training in data analysis; in moving from a reliance on outcome data, to identifying the processes that have resulted in particular outcomes. On the issue of monitoring, the Home Secretary did appoint an implementation group to ensure that the Lawrence Inquiry action plan was realized within the police. Although the membership of this group was not finalised, it was mostly made up of members of the police representative associations and other interested parties. The implementation group did not have members who were experts in the monitoring of policy implementation. Indeed, it was dominated by the representatives of various police staff and other associations, who have proved themselves to be less competent than in the very task they are supposed to be monitoring police policy implementation. The reason for this membership is probably that the Home Secretary felt that he would have to retain the confidence and support of the police as policies developed. This is understandable, but not sufficient for the stated purpose of the implementation group. It is now critical for organisations like the Runnymede Trust to ensure that the implementation group considers adequate monitoring information and that their work is effective. The suggestion that a monitoring group should be monitored sounds cumbersome and monotonous. However it would appear to be necessary if progress is to be made ( Holdaway, 1999 para 6 ( xi to xii) ). Discussion of police use of discretion is often linked with the academic discussion of police occupational subcultures. Although most elements of police culture are universal, each agency possesses its own personal and distinctive organisational culture. Therefore it is quite difficult to find an uncomplicated definition of police culture. There are several varied definitions, some being more complex than others. According to McDonald (1997): The concept of police culture is comprised of the merging of two major components, (a) the image of impartial and professional crime fighters that the police have of themselves, and (b) a system of beliefs and behaviour not described in published manuals or agency value statements. (McDonald et al, 1997). This definition, whilst not obviously identifying a compelling positive element, does recognise more than just the negative. The public demands all professionals to be held at high standard, but for obvious reasons, policing has an even higher threshold to meet and all police officers must accept this higher standard. An integral part of the process of police acceptance of this higher standard is to understand the police culture, while retaining the resilience to both resist the negative and champion the positive. The police are the first step in the justice process, and the first rung on the ladder in the climb to dispensing justice in the hierarchy. If the police do not inspire confidence, then the whole justice system is viewed with disparagement and suspicion. If the police who are at the forefront of initiating the justice system is viewed with unease, then anything that emanates from their behaviour is similarly seen as tainted. In order for the public to have faith in the justice system and view it with respect and confidence, then it needs to be functioning properly in an unbiased manner from the start, namely the role of the police. However, the apparent unfair use of the law by the police is often linked to the culture of police officers. Authors have argued that racism, sexism, homophobic and anti-working class feelings exist within the culture of rank and file police officers and that it affects how they enforce the law or use their discretion in enforcing the law (Holdaway, 1983 and Chan, 1997). This argument has been used in explaining police use of stop and search and arrests, and the disproportionality question. Considerable research informs us about the contours and power of the rank-and-file occupational culture, (Holdaway, 1983 and Chan, 1997). In terms of minority ethnic people, it is argued that this culture mediates wider racial categorisations and stereotypes black youths as criminal. It moulds these categorisations within the context of routine police work and affects police use of discretion. The Macpherson Report (Macpherson 1999) has introduced a new dimension in the debate by asserting that the police forces as a whole are institutionally racist. In the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry, the oral evidence of the three representatives of the MPS Black Police Association was illuminating. As rightly quoted in Inspector Paul Wilsons evidence; The term institutional racism should be understood to refer to the way the institution or the organisation may systematically or repeatedly treat, or tend to treat, people differentially because of their race. So, in effect, we are not talking about the individuals within the service who may be unconscious as to the nature of what they are doing, but it is the net effect of what they do. (Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Part 2, Day 2, p. 209) A second source of institutional racism is our culture, our culture within the police service. Much has been said about our culture, the canteen culture, and the occupational culture. How and why does that impact on individuals, black individuals on the street? Well, we would say the occupational culture within the police service, given the fact that the majority of police officers are white, tends to be the white experience, the white beliefs, the white values. Given the fact that these predominantly white officers only meet members of the black community in confrontational situations, they tend to stereotype black people in general. This can lead to all sorts of negative views and assumptions about black people, so we should not underestimate the occupational culture within the police service as being a primary source of institutional racism in the way that we differentially treat black people. Interestingly I say we because there is no marked difference between black and white in the force essentially. We are all consumed by this occupational culture. Some of us may think we rise above it on some occasions, but, generally speaking, we tend to conform to the norms of this occupational culture, which we say is all powerful in shaping our views and perceptions of a particular community. (Stephen Lawrence Inquiry Part 2 Day 2, p. 211). Macpherson (1999) drew attention to these and other similar comments noting; We believe that it is essential that the views of these officers should be closely heeded and respected (Macpherson 1999, p. 25) The study in one local constabulary (South Yorkshire Police), by analysing 1998 samples, it was found that young black males between ages 15 and 25 had a 1 in 3 chance of being stopped per year, Asians a 1 in 6 chance, and whites a 1 in 10 chance. Blacks formed 0.8% of the countrys population and Asians just over 3% (Holdaway, 2003). Ethnic minorities and predominantly black youth are stopped for the suspected possession of drugs, often, small amounts of cannabis that do not lead to a court appearance. In this study it was found that black youths were more likely to be stopped for the possession of drugs, while white youths were most likely to be stopped for suspected possession of stolen goods or being equipped to steal. However, there is no available evidence to suggest that black youths use drugs more than any other ethnic group (Graham and Bowling, 1996). Although in his study, Holdaway found that the actual number of young blacks and Asians stopped and searched were small and the legal power used fairly infrequently. It cannot be assumed that its impact on the views of ethnic minorities has been proportionate. Holdaway maintains that suspicions about the disproportionate use of stop-and-search powers have fuelled a sense of discrimination among ethnic minorities. The Macpherson Inquiry 1999 into the death of Stephen Lawrence re-emphasised the need for the police services to scrutinise stop and search powers in the context of wider community relations. The Inquiry pointed to discrimination at an operational level as fuelling and leading to the publics loss of trust in the police services. The recording of self-defined ethnicity forms part of Macpherson Recommendation 61, but until 1999 several forces had to date, based ethnic monitoring on officers visual perception. Concerns have been raised about the use of self defined ethical classification as required by the Macpherson Inquiry. Police forces were themselves apprehensive about the way the public might respond and how such responses ought to be used as management information. After all, some ethnic minorities might describe themselves as British, which would make ethnic monitoring more problematic. Also the actual raising of the issue of ethnicity might make stop and search more confrontational and lead to criticisms of differential treatment which in turn would fuel the allegations of discrimination. If communities in general have no confidence in the police then they will not assist the police by providing valuable information about possible criminal activity within the communities. It is a basic fact that the police need the public in order to prevent, investigate and control crime. 2.0 Chapter II This chapter will look at the variation in the manner in which various police forces used stop and search and how the P A C E Codes of Practice of stop and search can be interpreted. Since the early nineteenth century, the police have had wide ranging local powers to stop and search individuals whom they suspect of criminal intent. This Chapter will trace the history of stop and search powers and in particular their development and utilisation under PACE. 2.1 Police Powers of Stop and Search Under The Police and Criminal Evidence Act 1984 (PACE) Police powers to carry out stop and search dates back to the Vagrancy Act of 1824. This was the old SUS. Under sections 4 and 6 of this law, the police are empowered to stop any person found loitering in a public place on suspicion of intent to commit a cognizable offence. In addition, in London, section 66 of the Metropolitan Police Act (1839) allowed MET police officers to stop and search in London, where there was reasonable suspicion that a person was carrying anything stolen or unlawfully obtained. Interestingly, an internal record was kept not only of the searches but also of all stops under these powers. These were recorded divisionally and the figures collated centrally. Even before the advents of PACE there were concerns regarding police use of the stop and search powers. Reports produced by Willis (1983) and Smith (1983) showed that officers frequently abused the reasonable suspicion requirements attached to the powers. The reports also revealed that these powers were applied disproportionately towards members of the black community. In fact, during the 1970s, there were public concerns about police discrimination in the use of SUS and these anxieties were publicised by various organisations such as the Scrap Sus Campaign (1979) and there were calls for the stop and search powers to be regulated or even scrapped. As mentioned in chapter one, it was the indiscriminate and heavy-handed approach to the use of the SUS law in London that led to the Brixton disturbances in 1981. The mounting complaints led to SUS being a major issue reviewed by Lord Scarman. The subsequent report (The Scarman Report) recommended the replacement of SUS. SUS was repealed and then replaced with a new power of stop and search (SAS) in the Police and criminal Evidence Act (PACE) of 1984. Section 1 of PACE allows the police to stop and search any person or vehicle when the officer has reasonable grounds for suspecting that stolen or prohibited articles will be found. The police are permitted to carry out a full search of the person including anything they may be carrying or any vehicle they are in. PACE was implemented in order to clarify the circumstances in which people could be stopped and searched as well as building in safeguards for the individuals concerned. The introduction of PACE was the first time legislation that had been introduced to properly consolidate what had become a disparate range of powers in respect of the use of stop and search by British police officers. In addition the introduction of PACE could have been accelerated by the report of the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedures (1981) which had recommended improved stop and search powers. Also the Scarman Inquiry specifically said that the way in which stop and search had been carried out had contributed towards the level of tension in Brixton. In Lord Scarmans concluding comment he quoted that; The state of law is, however, a mess, as the Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure has shown The PACE powers allow for searches to be carried out on the basis of reasonable suspicion. Additionally, police officers retain the ability to carry out voluntary or non-statutory searches. As Bland, Miller and Quinton (Home Office: 2000) remarked: In practice this (PACE) was an extension of powers. The Royal Commission on Criminal Procedure recognised the need to balance this extension with safeguards to protect the public from random, arbitrary and discriminatory searches (p 6) Stop and searches carried out under PACE must be carried out in accordance with the Codes of Practice, Code A. From April 2006, following Section 61 of the Macpherson Report, the recording of stops became a requirement for all police forces. In a recent report by the National Implementation for the Recording of Stops, Michael Shiner with the assistance of Nisrine Mansour, Eleanor Stokes and Athina Vlachantoni (Home Office, 2006) suggest that the implementation of compulsory recording of all stops will improve police accountability to the public and will protect the officer from false allegations and misrepresentation from public encounters. It is hoped by the Police Federation that the recording of stops will promote better two-way communications between the police and the public. The National Implementation for the Recording of Stops commissioned by the Stop and Search Action Team undertook valuable research into police attitudes, training, leadership, data capture, community engagement, accountability and engagement (Police Federation 2006, p 3). The report was an honest but blunt appraisal of how many within the force feel about stop and search. One of the big concerns was the slur officers felt on the reputation of the force being linked with institutional racism. A common strand throughout was the issue of disproportionality and officers attitudes towards it. Quite evident was the lack of common understanding at all levels of this term except that it is feared. However, officers are keen to emphasise the value of stop and search as a policing tool needed for communitys safety and protection from crime and anti social behaviour. It is one of the best examples of intelligence led policing and the easiest way of targeting persistent offenders and infiltrating crime hot spots. However studies have shown that many stops are not recorded at all. This is only a breach of the law if the PACE powers are actually exercised and if the suspect is searched or arrested (Sanders Young, 2000; ch.2) 2.2 The Code of Practice (Code A) The most controversial area of stop and search law (or even police law generally) is the definition of reasonable suspicion. Code of practice (Code A) defined what reasonable suspicion should mean in the practical sense of the use of stop and search. In para 2.2, the Code states: Reasonable suspicion can never be supported on the basis of personal factors alone without reliable supporting intelligence or information or some specific behaviour by the person concerned. For example, a persons race, age, appearance, or the fact that the person is known to have a previous conviction, cannot be used alone or in combination with each other as the reason for searching that person. Reasonable suspicion cannot be based on generalisations or stereotypical images of certain groups or categories of people as more likely to be involved in criminal activity, (Code A para.2.2). (The latest version of the Codes of Practice came into effect on February 1, 2008, (SI 2008/167) but it does not make major changes to the existing Code A). The term disproportionate is used in the Code (Code A, par. 5.3). This is unfortunate as it has negative connotations and is synonymous with mistrust. The Codes (Code A Section 5) introduce a responsibility on supervisors to monitor and detect any disproportionality in the searches their officers conduct. The Home Office and Chief Officers readily admit they do not understand the term and yet are determined to judge police officers by it. The term proportionate would be more appropriate and implies a considered and necessary uses of stop and search powers. Furthermore, it seems that additional research should be commissioned into the many complex issues surrounding analysis of stop and search, in particular of street populations. In the aftermath of the Macpherson Report and following recent changes to PACE one would expect the service to provide additional and focussed training. It is apparent that the new safeguards introduced by PACE have failed to fulfil their goals of preventing the misuse of the concept of reasonable suspicion and the abuse of the stop and search power (McLaughlin and Muncie, 2001). Bland, Miller and Quinton ( Home Office, 2000 ) noted that : Research has pointed to the difficulty, in practice, of making a clear distinction between PACE searches and those involving consent. An early evaluation of the impact of PACE in one force highlighted confusion about the distinction at both policy and operational level. There was evidence that some officers used consent to avoid the requirements of PACE for reasonable suspicion and that public consent was often given when ignorant of the right to refuse ( p 7) The Metropolitan Police Authority commissioned a community evaluation of the implementation of Recommendation 61 of the Stephen Lawrence Inquiry in Hackney (Stop and Search, 2004). The evaluation was carried out by a black-led community organisation, the 1990 Trust. In this study, the police were told to record all stops and searches whether consensual or not, but not include those carried out under the terrorism legislation. A major concern of respondents in the study is that of not being given reasonable reasons for a stop. Existing research has shown that being given a reason for a stop is important to the public. In the Hackney study, over 86% of the respondents said that they had been told or had found out the reasons for the stop or stop and search. However, and more importantly, on further examination, over half (57%) of the respondents thought that the reason given for the stop was false. Being given an unconvincing reason for a stop was potentially as frustrating as being given no reason at all. For some respondents, it was tantamount to an insult to the intelligence of the person being stopped. The re

The Suez Canal :: History Historical Essays

The Suez Canal Count Ferdinand de Lesseps, a Frenchman had long dreamed of a canal that pierced the Isthmus. For most of his life, this was simply a dream. He had made a living for himself by holding political positions in Tunis, Egypt, Rotterdam, Malaga, and Barcelona; had been minister at Madrid, and, finally, at Rome. Something about Egypt had struck him in a way that never truly let go. After roughly twenty five years of service, the French government notified Lesseps that what he was doing in Rome was not being supported. Lesseps managed to quell the problem in 1849, but the experience had left a distasteful mark on him that he couldn’t resolve. This led to his resignation from the service, and into retirement at the age of fifty. Now with the end of his career, he was free in a way that he hadn’t been in a long time. His thoughts again and more frequently drifted to Egypt. What once a dream, was now a possibility. Using connections he had made in Egypt during his time in the service, he made contact with them and immediately following their positive response embarked on a trip to investigate his ever more possible dream. The construction of this project faced formidable opposition. Lesseps appealed to Napoleon for help. Napoleon agreed, and helped put the wheels of this project in motion. It was not until 1869 that the canal was finally opened its one hundred mile stretch completely. It was again modified in 1885 substantially to further increased efficiency. The idea behind the Suez Canal was not invented for the first time in the 19th century. It actually dates back to Ancient Egypt and the Pharos. The Pharos went as Far as building smaller canals in the Nile delta in the Red sea. The first Canal to be excavated is linked strongly by evidence to the Pharaoh Necho in the 6th century BC. During the Persian invasion of Egypt, King Darius gave instructions for a canal to be built which started in the Gulf of Suez and ran to the Bitter Lake. The second part of the canal ran from the Bitter Lake to the Nile delta. This canal was known as the Red Sea Canal. This canal fell into disrepair, but was rectified by the Roman Emperor Trajan, and yet again by the Arab king Amr Ibn-Al-Aas.

Niches of the Mind;The Brain and Language :: Intellect Evolution Essays

Niches of the Mind;The Brain and Language As the story goes, creation is characterized by expansion and contraction, disorder and order, random change and selection. It is observed in evolution how random change and disorder have brought about, from the scraps floating in a puddle on early earth, the fantastic diversity and incomprehensible complexity of life. The counterpart to this is death, making space for the new and guiding changes in the old through selection. What can this story tell us about the evolution of humans, and our most distinguishing trait; our ability to tell stories? The human intellect is widely understood to be that which distinguishes us from other animals. Mayr tells us that the rapid brain expansion that took place in Australopithecines and early Homo is correlated with two factors; a change in hominids niche, moving from the trees to bush savanna, and the development of speech. (p 252) This essay attempts to summarize some current explanations of the relationships between language and the brain in human evolution, and relate them to another characteristic of humans correlated with the human intellect- our social complexity. Symbolic communication is by no means limited to humans, or, for that matter, to the most complex organisms. Most fairly social animals have a range of about fifteen to thirty-five physical displays or calls. "As far as we know, cuttlefish, related to squids, have about the same size repertoire size as non-human primates do." (class notes Ling. 101) The evolution of animal communication is thought to have occurred through "ritualization of previously existing behavior" (class notes Ling. 101) In most animals, communicative displays are innate, that is, genetically determined. This is not at all the case in humans; human language is learned. Yet a few of the main things that distinguish human language from other animal communication, namely grammar and syntax, are argued by some linguists to be instinctive. (Pinker) In addition to the lack of syntax, grammar, and a large lexicon, other animals, including higher-order primates, lack a highly developed theory of mind; the ability to conceptualize others' "knowledge, beliefs, intentions and goals" (class notes Ling. 101) For a long time the increase in brain size was seen as being correlated with the increasing complexity of tool technology in Australopithecines and early Homo. This theory is loosing popularity due to the observance of widespread tool use in other primates, and is giving way to theories in which the main thrust is rising social complexity.

Social Issues Essay -- Definition of a Social Problem

Poverty, violence, crime and racism are major social problems. If we look at the definition of what a social problem is, according to James M. Henslin,"A social problem isan aspect of society that people are concerned about and would like changed. Social problems begin with an objective condition, some aspect of society that can be measured or experienced...The second key element of a social problem is subjective concern, the concern that a significant number of people (or a number of significant people) have about the condition"(Social Problems,2003,p.3). Steinberg believes that disengagement has what it takes to not only be a general social problem but says it is as major as the issues I stated in the beginning. Steinberg (1996) states,"Although it is less visible, less dramatic, and less commented upon than other social problems involving youth...student disengagement is more pervasive and in some ways potentially more harmful to the future well being of American society"(p. 28). Steinberg explains how this problem is not just concentrated in one place, his research s...

Ethical aspects of Social Media Marketing

This essay will focus on the topic ‘Critically evaluating the ethical aspects of social media marketing in the United States’ and the principal question assessed throughout this writing will be ‘Have social media marketing acted ethical or not? ’ According to Nielson Report (2013, p. 3), ‘Social media marketing typically refers to two practices involving social media- the use free tools and paid media’.According to Gaski (1999 cited Smith 2000, p8), marketing ethics is defined as â€Å"standards of conduct and moral judgements applied to marketing†. In relation to social media, these ethics guide the operations of marketing on social media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter or Youtube (Eagle, 2009). With the rapid growth and adoption of social media, the ethical concerns on social media has also significantly increased. (Mutula, 2012).The author further examines the following categories: 1. 1Social Media Research According to Smith, (200 1), -â€Å"be truthful, protect privacy, don't model inappropriate behaviour, don't be offensive, be fair and balanced, avoid stereotyping and protect children’’ are the seven basic ethical standards for marketing, which are applicable to the present social media marketing. However, all businesses has a legal responsibility to comply with the legislation of their country.In the United States it is the Federal Trade Commission which regulates advertising and marketing laws in the country. (Smith, 2001: Federal Trade Commission, 2013) Social media research is the initial stage of marketing; a technique or an approach used by the marketers to conduct market research on social media platforms. The foremost issue that has commenced is the ethical aspect of using social media for market research purposes; the gathering of data and conducting research on consumers and competitors. (Patino et. al).In addition, it is the fundamental responsibility of marketers to protect consu mer personal data by ensuring that the data is only used for research purposes and makes sure that they adhere to the social network guidelines and regulations of the company. (Mareck M, 2011) However, companies violate these rules and steal customer information without their consent for research and marketing activities, which is unethical and against the FTC Act.Evidently, it was reported by the FTC, in May 2011, 32 legal actions were taken against  organisations that have failed to maintain protection for consumer sensitive data thus breached consumers’ privacy rights. For example, in February 2013, a social networking app generated by Path. Inc. , acquired consumer personal information without their consent and settled FTC charges for infringing Consumer Privacy Act also in the meantime the same company was charged for violating the Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act, from approximately 3000 children personal information was collected without getting parent s’ consent which was claimed to be highly unethical.  (Federal Trade Commission 2013).Moreover, social media has assisted companies to monitor their employees on social networks. Many reports and cases have been lodged against those companies for unethical practices, by involuntarily retrieving personal information of employees. Such cases involve companies use specialised softwares or access employees’ user name and password of Facebook and Twitter accounts, to trace tweets and posts of what employees post on social networks.As a result, in regard to the newly imposed social media privacy legislation, companies were seized to make settlements on the charges of violating Employee Privacy Protection Act. (Eaglesham, J. and Rothfeld, M. , 2013) Furthermore, social media marketing has become a major threat to the competitors since the birth of social media, and with the aid of market research it has become a trend for brands to practice unethical and unlawful activities such as creating fake accounts, fake endorsements, fake blogs, fake community groups and tarnishing competitors’ brand reputation on social platforms.  (Ray, 2011)1. 2 Viral Marketing and Advertising Viral marketing is the spreading of information between users on social media and it has become the defining marketing trend; techniques used to promote company product/ service and brand name on social media. For example, viral campaigns are marketing techniques widely used to spread the Word-Of-Mouth (WOM) and it can be in the form of viral videos via Youtube, Facebook statuses/posts, or blogs on social media.Thus, viral campaigns build awareness and promotes the company product and image on social media. (Fergusan. R, 2008) For example, ASDA has effectively used this strategy for their promotional campaigns, like the Christmas doesn’t just happen by magic Video 2012 which went viral on Youtube. However, viral marketing can be an adverse impact to the company and unet hical too.For example, Celeb Boutique thought of implementing the viral marketing technique of trending hash tag on Twitter, instead of a positive brand recognition it caused a negative impact to the company brand image and was humiliated virally. (Smeets, 2013) In terms of ethics, such cases include: companies that attack other companies indirectly, being dis honest unprofessional and dis respectful on their campaigns.For example: As reported by The Economic Times, in April 2012, Nokia launched an aggressive viral campaign against Samsung, comparing it’s Lumia smart phone with Samsung’s intentionally emphasizing that Nokia phones are invincible and can blow away other smart phones, this campaign was highly unethical and against the FTC Advertising and Marketing Act of being dishonest and deceptive to stakeholders such as competitors (Mukherjee, W, 2012) According to FTC (2013), â€Å"All businesses have a legal responsibility to ensure that advertising is truthful an d not deceptive’’.Advertising shouldn’t target on vulnerable audiences such as children and should comply with the FTC standards regarding children privacy issues.For example: Kelloggs company made false claims on social networks that it’s Frosted Mini-Wheats cereal benefits children and improves their immunity, this was done by giving false evidence that the attentiveness of children can be improved by 20percent clinically, this advertisement was unethical as it infringed the standards of FTC† (Federal Trade Commission, 2013) Furthermore, it was alleged that companies pay celebrities millions of dollars to advertise and promote their brand on Social networks.Recently, Snickers was suspected in promoting their brand on Twitter in the form of tweets through prominent celebrities such as Rio Ferdinand and Katie Price in 2012. As a result, the Fair Trade officers advised celebrities that advertisements that doesn’t reveal as a promotion or an en dorsement is a ‘deceptive advertising’ and warned Snickers, it is against the FTC standards. However, the complaints accusing Snickers for deceptive advertising were forwarded to the Advertising Standards Authority to take further investigations on this unethical behavior.  (Barnett, 2012: Federal Trade Commission, 2013)1. 3 Engagement Process Social media enables companies to interact with customers more directly than any other forms. Engagement process is one of the major ethical challenge for companies as it involves the process of directly engaging with customers on social networks and has become a common practice for companies. Social media is used by employees on behalf of the company and it can endanger the company reputation via social media by using it unethically.Even though, engagement process is an important component for marketing and public relations it can still be treacherous if used unethically. (Institute of Business Ethics, 2011) In a survey carried out by the Ethics Resource Centre, 45percent of U. S employees witnessed misconduct at work in which 65percent from those reported to be immoral behaviour, in consequence was alleged for violating the workplace ethics law. The study reveals that social media appears to be a major contributor to this issue.  (Ethics Resource Centre, 2011)In March 2010, Nestle Facebook fan page was hovered with negative remarks from its fans after the palm oil campaign, in response, the employee who controls the fan page posted offensive comments which violated the company policies hence, led to bad publicity and boycott activities from the public. (The Guardian, 2011) In 2012, many big brands faced serious catastrophes on social networks. Such circumstances follows; when McDonald tried to promote its brand via Twitter using hashtags, unfortunately the customers on Twitter posted unfavourable comments of consuming McDonald’s food.Other examples such as the American Apparel and The Gap faced a colossal destructive responses from its customers for posting disapproving ads at the time of Hurricane Sandy. (Anon, 2012) 1. 4 Ethical Social Media Marketing Vs. Unethical Social Media Marketing Conversely, a survey carried out by the IBE reveals, businesses that operate ethically on social media is significantly greater than the proportion of businesses that operate unethically.The above pie chart illustrates that 48 percent of the respondents say that businesses operate very/fairly ethically. (Institute of Business Ethics, 2012) Nevertheless, IBE survey found that it was a decline from 58 percent to 48 percent of views that assumes businesses operate very/fairly ethical on social media. Therefore, the change in the percentage from 2011 to 2012 ascertains that the negative impressions on ethical business behavior have increased radically. (Institute of Business Ethics, 2012) ConclusionSocial media marketing has positive and negative effects: the importance for social media has increased tremendously due to the immense benefits such as the increase in awareness, promotion, engagement and research; if social media is used unethically, may lead to lead to bad publicity and tarnish the company reputation. The varied arguments evidences of statistics and cases from different organisations strongly condemns that social media marketing is unethical; the unethical use of social media practiced by businesses outweighs the ethical use of social media marketing.All in all, the author finds social media marketing unethical hence, may create a huge impact on the company and brand image negatively. However, if social media is properly used, it will result positive outcomes for the brand; if misused, the consequence will be a social abuse. Therefore, the author suggests to use social media vigilantly and consider the business ethics standards of their country before taking further steps

How Technology Changed The Making Process Architecture Essay

See for a minute the debate of secure vs. immorality. neither deal imagine competently be entirely, without the early(a) surfacing or interrupting the draw at maven clip or another. Now consider the historical strike amid the humanityistic discip offices & A mickles sequence of foundation and instantly s figuring machine aided lustre . evenly shortly as form AIDSs much(prenominal) as AutoCAD, and visual maser tightenters were created, citizenry began to moderateness for the loss of program bases and individualism close to may even state its head teacher and character. Those who were enticed by this raw engineering that tot tout ensemble in eachyowed strugglee to be executed in half(a) the clip on twice the graduated table, were in awe, and of course as with tout ensemble two sided conflicts, confederations were formed. G unitary are the yearss of baseball glove carving and limitlessly palling expectant phallic hours in releaseshops yelled the the great unwashed of the hereafter, what takes you a hebdomad and four ca-ca forces, takes us a twenty-four hours with a calculate machine, with no demand for acquiring genus Myxocephalus aenaeus. The conceptual age of jut out was truly revolutionized by com moveing machines, no logical argument at that place, alone was it need wide-eyedy a good thing? No shouted the people of tradition, where you exceed us in takings you lack in character, where is the constrict and psyche? The attending to detail negligent through precise craft and trade? ( Pemble, 2010 ) Once once more I feel that their statement is sound, alone is it non everywherely a premier pattern of people fearing what they do non on a lower floorstand?As is the instance with all statements, it frequently takes a neb bear and a good want expression at both sides of the instance to bring on or clear a via media that allows both sides to progress that than they imagined. For this we need to ge t down in Weimar, Ger numerous, the year is 1919 and the Bauhaus school of Art & A traffic pattern is formed.Throughout Europe, humankind war superstar had clearly left its grade. The German province ballad in sloppiness and its economic system ballad in rags and after the initial convulsion over the hereafter of Germ whatever. Whether it be Soviet communistic or capitalist German, nigh(prenominal)(prenominal) instruments were pot in rock, the room of imperialist magnificence and ornamentalism public figure had to alter, the transmutation of emotional Expressionism to the prosaic bracing-fangled Objectivity ( Minusfive 2006 ) . This gave the German administration, Deutscher Werkbund, founded in 1907 and considered the forerunner to the Bauhaus, a newfound vas for their visions of aspiration. The Werkbund s purpose was to harness the new potencies of concourse doing, with a head towards continuing Ger many a(prenominal) s economic fight ( MinusFive 2006 ) . This sort of lay for change be tote up evident in many countries of design, it may h former(a) originated in architecture, with the Werkbund s eyeshot of economical work for lodging and the make environment, notwithstanding it administer to even the nigh(prenominal) humble of objects, amalgamation industrial methods with artistic genius, an illustration I suppose organism envelopes.Up until 1840 all envelopes were hand do, cut from paper and realizeed before being used to direct mail. notwithstanding, in that twelvemonth a British adult young-begetting(prenominal) George Wilson derived a method of mass merchandise from the geometric layout called tessellation. This enabled multiple envelopes to be cut at the same conviction understating the gasconade cut paper. provided five grey-headed ages subsequently the employment of envelopes was revolutionized farther by two work forces, Edwin Hill and warren De La Rue, whom pioneered a steam pinch machine that enabled the film editing, turn uping and gum procedure of envelopes all to be through in one phase. As was to go on less than a ascorbic acid subsequently to assorted trades, the tralatitious method of production died promiscuous at foremost, so all together outclassed and outperformed by its machine age replacement. present is where the via media between industrial and conventional methods is required. During my journey in which I created my ain envelope design, I was able to see the virtues and disadvantages of both terminals of the spectrum. The get-goly measure was to take a received sized envelope and dissect, analyse, and animate it, several times, to acquire the feel for and a perfect gimmick of its design. I so, from a rigorously conceptual position, came up with my design, which was to be a clasp waterproofing phonograph indicate shaped envelope. I so repeated the procedure I used for an bing design, for my ain, implying serious drawings, supposititious accounts, paradigms, an d experimentations, until I came up with my finalised design. present is where the best of both beingnesss comes into its ain.If I were to send on this undertaking in an indistinguishable manner, provided in a 3D practical computing machine earth via programs such as CAD and 3DSMax, it would be quicker nevertheless there would be no feel for the design, surely no character, and there would be no manner of cognizing if it worked, or how it were to assemble. Tactual sensation is one of the appeals of handmade plants. It was at this point that I was encouraged to look into the more industrial side of production, so after reassigning my design from bridge player drawn programs to an AutoCAD design, It was so onto the optical maser stonecutter, which basically is a robotic device that reads the lines, line weights, and colorss of lines to find where demands to be cut or scored on the stuff placed under the optical maser. Now here comes the intemperate passel, further does turn out to be the portion that pays away, as the optical maser cutter is undeniably fiddly to setup and graduate with prize line weights, fold lines and cuts.( Fig.1 ) Envelope straighten out Construction. ( Pemble, 2010 )In this sense, there is still no smooth passage between adult young-begetting(prenominal) and machine, as it took several efforts for the optical maser cutter to understand the design, nevertheless that said, one time calibrated it is the perfect weapon for animating a individual design on a mass production degree. Modern methods have gratefully interpreted the emphasis and huge adult male hoursA required out of manus production and tradition, but the integrating andA rules of tradition and good design should neer go to the full digitalisedA wish well its replacement. Just like the statement of parallel vs. digitalA sing timekeepers, each go out hold their function as one tho would nt be were it non for the original.( Fig.2 ) Envelope dear drawings ( Pemb le, 2010 )The point of this study for me is that both novel and traditional trades both have their functions, and as many influential figures agree, neither should be neglected nor overlooked, for they both hold virtues. technology has so renovated the design universe, but in directly s society it does on juncture overpower and fail to hold in itself justness, go forthing the piece cold, generic and gray, neglecting to delineate itself justness. This as with most facets of the design universe boils back down to the roots of the Bauhaus. portion out for case the thought of BauhausA furniture design, it cherished to keep the traditions of A psyche in design, along with logic, so for case a better idea outA design made with more economic stuffs and engineerings, butA still manually overseen or produced would therefore potentially be the perfect design expression. Enter Mies wagon train Der Rohe. Originally from Aachen, he moved to Berlin in 1905. At the age of 19, he was cate gorical and spent his clip skiping between constructing sites. not precisely the start in smell most would stereotypically tie in with a celebrated fashion designer, whom set about alteration we feel the benefits of today.The undertakings of design and build were combine in his early instruction, non separated by progressively common divisions between designer and builder. ( Zimmerman C. 2006, p.7 )Mies van Der Rohe was trained as an ended bricklayer and stonemason under apprenticeship of hisA male parent, but besides trained as a proficient draughtsman, after taking a acute involvement in design whilst he worked for a specialised sticking plaster company. He saw the demand for an apprehension of both the terminals of the constructionA spectrum from the initial flicker of an thought, to the position of foundations, so that he may plan more expeditiously. Riehl House was his head start citizens committee under recommendation of a workfellow at Bruno Paul designers, and was finished in 1907. The immature Mies proved himself able to plan and construct aptly, even skillfully, and open(a) of productively prosecuting the most modern-day issues of the architectural universe in Berlin at the clip. ( Zimmerman C. 2006 p.19 )This was notwithstanding the beginning of a long and fruitful barter for Mies, and this subliminalA subject was present throughout his business, the gaolbreak away from tradition and supposedA acceptable conformation, in favor of modular, efficient modern stuffs in design. This qualification to pull and remember from the design ethos of past, and mingle it with the head of engineering to leave something that is non besides amend in its balance, but besides pleases a wider audience is an ability he rarely neglected. A premier illustration is of this is dark ruddy masonry built Lange and Esters House. The esters and Lange buildings were both surfaced in dark brick but they are merely partly front-wall constructions. They wer e among the first modern buildings to liberate brick from its burden bearing map. ( Zimmerman C. 2006 p.33 )It givesA the visual aspect of a traditionally built house of the clip, yet modernized in aesthetics somewhat, and due(p) to its modularA inning of steel it allows the big unfastened positions that it contains, and for the first clip in German architectural chronicle, the spacial design dictated the morphologic computations.( Fig.3 Esters & A Lange edifices ( Taschen, 2006 p.33 )Merely like with his most prolific of undertakings like the SeagramA edifice, IIT Centre and sight hall in Berlin ( ironically hisA calling peaked both as he left and subsequently returned to the metropolis ) he usedA the most modern of attacks to build the edifice yet he stillA remained true to the sheer ideals of unfastened fluxing infinite, secularA positions, and the overall command of the infinite provided. I suppose a top instance survey would be that of the Barcelona Pavilion. later o n being accepted into the Werkbund in 1927, Mies was fit by the German Reich to plan and construct the 1928 World exhibition in Barcelona. With its gorgeous classical onyx and marble walling, and chrome frame in glass frontages of multiple sunglassess, it was the prototype of signifier with map, a piece de opposition of the Bauhaus vision. instead of the normal layout of conventional lodging or edifice, it followed Mies combination of Rhythmic motion and carefully composed positions. ( Zimmerman C. 2006 p.39 )Though beautiful, like all single paradigms it was somewhat flawed ( due to deficient budget and deficiency of specialized stuffs, the prolific level roof was pliable to H2O harm and about undone the full construction ) , but merely like the method of running game and slew in many of the manus trades, Mies learnt from his errors, and embraced them with his hereafter undertakings, like the Seagram edifice and IIT, whereby he perfected his steel frame designs that ha ve revolutionized today s building.( Fig.4 ) Barcelona Pavilion ( Taschen 2006 p.38 )The Seagram edifice was doubtlessly in this paradigmatic manner. It is frequently seen as the finest high-rise edifice Mies of all time built. No overnight looking back to past historical design for legitimation, the edifice presents the architecture of capitalist economy with its most indispensable, concentrated face. ( Zimmerman C. 2006 p.16 )Merely like in my probe into envelope design, sometimes things can be flawed the of outcome portion is larning from it and being able to go on. This is where I feel that by making all of the experimenting phase by manus, with voluminous sums of test and mistake, I managed to win in a design that as viewed by others was vitally flawed, my point being this. The initial design standards given to me was that the envelope had to be capable of keeping this essay and any cast up toing notes, drawings, work etc and my design being traffic circle was therefore flawed, sing all of my notes and work is on rectangular pieces of paper. It may look like a really unproblematic reply to a glaring skip, but I have merely decided to enlarge the size of the envelope, and changed its ain standards in that it go forth be more like a booklet, capable of keeping my work. Merely as changes were inevitable to my envelope, drastic changes were needed to the universe of design. The air authorizeds had changed way, and alteration was coming.As with a batch of the designers of the clip and followings of theA Neues Bauen, people frowned upon this new principle of design. By 1933 many designers of Neues Bauen understood their unstable position in national socialist Germany, and many emigrated. ( Zimmerman C. 2006 p.14 ) With the tenseness turning quickly in Germany, and the credulity of the now authorising Nazi party rapidly demoing itself, the design universe shortly became a focal point. With its expansive imperialist record, the new Reich wanted its capital to demo this. However tradition ruled the moving ridges.( Fig.5 Seagram construct ( Taschen 2006 p.72 )Equally shortly as the content socialist party came to power the Bauhaus was voluntarily closed by its members, cognizing the position of the new Reich and how its left wing ideals would be dealt with. Nazi authors like Wilhelm Frick and Alfred Rosenberg had labelled the Bauhaus un-German and criticized its modernist manners ( MinusFive 2006 ) numerous designers of the clip shortly began to emigrate, limitations upon Mies ain work was imposed and his security was shortly threatened. In 1938 he made a calling altering pick and emigrated to the United States of America.Here I feel began the true nature of clever design. By that I loaded the ability to cover the full spectra, rectifying the negatives and reenforcing the positives, and shoot throughing the Bauhaus ideals of remarkable design. The Seagram edifice was by any criterion, stat mis in front of its rivals. Yet it achieved this without claiming to be the hereafter, or resenting the yesteryear. With compulsory insides, a classy dark outside tegument of outwardly mounted bronze, and topaz tinted glass it non merely looked the portion, but besides incorporate line engineering, to help in air current buffering and cut down UV lower/heat. Its fretted modular steel computer simulation besides represented the manner frontward, non merely with its drape walling efficiency that allowed open climbs for the traditional Venetian blinds, but besides with regard a igniter, stronger, more adaptable building method that retained so called authoritative characteristics. However, the edifices piece de resistance is what many of today s skyscrapers have to thank.Before Mies got his custodies on the committee, he looked at the rivals, the other morphologic venue, and besides back at his old constructs. He so did what no 1 else had done. He set the tower a sensible distance back from the road an d created what we see throughout today s metropoliss, urban landscape gardening. By making this reality infinite, this null filler that bridged the public and private sector he thereby integrated the Seagram instantly with its environment, it was this kind of thought, that put Mies one measure in front, change him to provide absolutely for both terminals of the spectrum by merely believing outside of the box, where no others considered or dared to. It paid dividends, whilst besides puting the propensity of perpendicular design for decennaries to come.DecisionBalance is what enables many things in biography to execute at their several bests, from the balance of work and societal, to the balance of a relationship, and none more so than the design universe. When it comes to the statement of traditional vs. Modern, the initial phases of design should ever esteem their roots, therefore maintaining to manus drawn methods, trades, and human probe likeA sketching and theoretical account devising. It is all excessively easy to trust entirely upon CAD and other such plans that have made some of todaysA design instead inert and cold, without human appeal, and the lone possible preservative of these characteristics is the maintaining of traditional methods and heritageA to maintain the human signature alive. The probe I carried out made this all excessively evident, that trusting upon engineering to expatriation a design from origin to inventive activity is a vitally flawed theory, and that without forfeit of adult male hours and strive with my ain accomplishments, my envelope would be nowhere near as thorough or good designed, non stating that it is a perfect illustration, but what interior decorator is without his or hers errors? far-off excessively many things in life have slipped into the huge abysm that is history and all because we ve become excessively animated and thirsty for this new age of production easiness, of technological employment, whereby objects are no longer designed, they are manufactured, devoid of all the initial inventiveness.The radically simplified signifiers, the reason and functionality, and the thought that mass-production was reconcilable with the single artistic spirit. ( MinusFive 2006 ) within the last century, the Bauhaus is the lone thing that has come in the manner of the apparently unstoppable machine age. It questioned workmanship vs. Mass production, returns vs. Beauty, and chiefly whether a remarkable comely combined signifier could be. In many countries it succeeded, particularly in furniture design, with the likes of Breuer and Stam, whom renovated modern furniture with the cost effectual physical exertion of steel, supplying signifier and the most requirement map. At the terminal of the twenty-four hours, the fight over the necessitation of design development will ramp for old ages to come, the of logical implication factor which I can non underscore troop is the via media, the balance, the equilibrium, and nevertheless many other terminology there are to depict the simple fact that both are every bit every bit of import as the other.One of the chief aims of the Bauhaus was to unite art, trade, and engineering. The machine was considered a positive component, and hence industrial and merchandise design were of import constituents ( MinusFive 2006 )